Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella spp. e Yersinia enterocolitica isoladas de animais silvestres em um centro de reabilitação / Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from wildlife animals of a reabilitation center

Muitas espécies de animais silvestres de vida livre servem como reservatório de bactérias patogênicas que ameaçam a saúde humana e dos animais domésticos. Algumas bactérias, como Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Yersinia enterocolitica e Salmonella enterica, causam enfermidades em humanos e podem contaminar os animais domésticos e silvestres. O Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-UFPel) soluciona uma demanda regional específica de atenção à fauna silvestre brasileira. O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar a presença de Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella spp. e Yersinia enterocolitica em animais silvestres que se encontravam em processo de reabilitação. Foram coletadas amostras de fezes, com uso de zaragatoas estéreis, de 34 aves, 16 mamíferos e 23 répteis. Dos 73 animais amostrados, quatro (5,48%) albergavam Y. enterocolitica, sendo duas aves, um mamífero e um réptil. Salmonella e Campylobacter não foram isolados. Os perfis de bandas dos isolados de Y. enterocolitica analisados pela rep-PCR foram diferentes entre si. Esses resultados indicam que as cepas isoladas não estão relacionadas entre si, não possuindo uma origem comum recente. Vanellus chilensis, Turdus rufiventris, Didelphis albiventris e Pantherophis guttatus podem albergar Y. enterocolitica e eliminá-la nas fezes, oferecendo risco de disseminação desse micro-organismo no ambiente, além de constituírem possíveis fontes de contaminação para humanos e outros animais.(AU)

Wild animals can transmit pathogenic bacteria to human and domestic animal's health. Some bacteria, such as Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella enterica, cause diseases in humans and can contaminate domestic and wild animais. The Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre of Universidade Federal de Pelotas (Nurfs-UFPel) attend a specific regional demand of wildlife in Brazil. The aim of this paper was to identify the presence of these pathogenic bacteria in wild animals in rehabilitation. Stool samples were collected using sterile swabs from 34 birds, 16 mammals and 23 reptilian that were housed at Nurfs. Of the 73 collections, Y. enterocolitica was isolated from four (5.48%) of two birds, one mammal and one reptile. Salmonella and Campylobacter were not isolated. The molecular profile of bands of Y. enterocolitica identified in rep-PCR had differences. These results indicated that the isolates did not have a recent common origin. Pantherophis guttatus, Didelphis albiventris, Turdus rufiventris and Vanellus chilensis could shelt Y. enterocolitica and eliminate the bacteria in stool, offering risk of dissemination of these microorganisms in the environment with possible contamination of humans and other animals.(AU)

Next-generation sequencing virulome analysis of a Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. palearctica bioserotype 4/O: 3 ST18 isolated from human blood in Brazil

Abstract Yersinia enterocolitica is a widespread Gram-negative bacterium that causes gastrointestinal disease and other clinical manifestations in humans. Potentially pathogenic Y. enterocolitica has been isolated in Brazil, from human, environmental, food, and animal sources. Herein we report a genome sequence of Y. enterocolitica subsp. palearctica strain YE 19, serotype O:3, biotype 4, sequence type 18, with virulence determinants isolated from human blood in Rio de Janeiro in 2005. The results corroborate other findings that this strain harbors a set of virulence determinants that could play a role in host pathoadaptation and may also justify the successful dissemination of bioserotype 4/O:3 in Brazil. The presence of strains harboring all of these virulence genes in Brazil is a potential threat to young children and immunocompromised individuals, for whom yersiniosis are a significant source of morbidity and mortality. The results of a genomic data analysis will help understand the virulence of Brazilian strains and provide data for Y. enterocolitica studies worldwide.

Apendicitis aguda, bacteriemia y artritis: manifestaciones de infección por Yersinia enterocolitica en un adolescente / Acute appendicitis, bacteremia and arthritis: manifestations of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in an adolescent

La infección por Yersinia enterocolitica produce un amplio espectro de manifestaciones clínicas. En los lactantes y niños pequeños, la diarrea aguda es la forma de presentación más frecuente. En niños mayores y adolescentes el síndrome seudoapendicular debido a ileítis terminal y/o adenitismesentérica constituye una manifestación típica. Sehan descrito complicaciones postinfecciosas de mecanismo inmunoalérgico. Se presenta el caso de una dolescente de 15 años que es intervenido quirúrgicamente con diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda. En la evolución reinstala fiebre y artritis de codo derecho; en el hemocultivo se aísla Y. enterocolitica. Se revisa la patogenia y manifestaciones clínicas de la infección por este agente y se analiza el posible mecanismo de la complicación articular.

Infecciones por Yersinia / Yersinia infections

La Yersinia enterocolitica o la Yersinia pseudotuberculosis pueden tener diferentes formas de presentación entre las que están la enteritis o enterocolitis, la adenitis mesentérica asociada a ileitis distal, la septicemia, infecciones localizadas o manifestaciones extraintestinales. Es responsable de hasta 7 por ciento de los cuadros de gastroenteritis infecciosas y se asocia a una elevada mortalidad post-infección a corto y largo plazo, de 2 a 3 veces mayor. Esta infección bacteriana se adquiere mediante la ingesta oral de productos contaminados y/o inadecuadamente preparados. El aislamiento de Yersinia en las deposiciones es el examen más específico y siempre debe ser solicitado. Debido a su baja sensibilidad los estudios serológicos pueden ser útiles para el diagnóstico, y la reacción de polimerasa en cadena (PCR) puede constituirse próximamente en el examen de elección para el diagnóstico de esta infección. Los antibióticos útiles para su tratamiento son los aminoglicósidos, cefalosporinas de tercera generación, cloranfenicol, quinolonas, tetraciclinas y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol.

Yersinia enterocolitica or yersinia pseudotuberculosis may have different presentation forms: among those are enteritis or enterocholitis, mesenteric adenitis associated with distal ileitis, septicemia, localized infections or extra-intestinal manifestations. It is responsible for up to 7 percent of infectious gastroenteritis and is associated with high post-infection mortality in the short and long term, which is 2 to 3 times higher. This bacterial infection is acquired through oral consumption of contaminated and/or inappropriately prepared products. Isolation of Yersinia in stool samples is the more specific exam and it should always be performed. Due to its low sensibility, serological studies may be useful for the diagnosis, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may become the elective exam for the diagnosis of this infection in the future. Antibiotics that are useful for its treatment are aminoglycoside, third-generation cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, quinolones, tetracyclines, and Trimetoprim-sulfametoxasol.

Adenitis mesentérica por Yersinia enterocolítica / Mesenteric adenitis due to Yersinia enterocolitic

Se presenta por primera vez en nuestro país un caso de adenitis mesentérica en una niña de 3 años asociado a infección por Yersinia enterocolítica. La cepa recuperada del coprocultivo correspondió al bioserotipo patogénico 4/O:3 y presentó además el plásmido de virulencia.

Cell adherence--a determinant of virulence in Yersinia enterocolitica.

The adherence of pathogenic bacteria to eukaryotic cells plays a central role in their ability to colonize the mucosal epithelial surfaces. The adherence by Y. enterocolitica to the mucosal surface of the gut is the initiating event leading to penetration of mucosa. Adhesion of 10 probable pathogenic and one non-pathogenic isolate was studied using ileum and colon epithelial cells of mouse for 90 minutes. Adhesion study revealed that isolates of Y. enterocolitica had a good adhesive property while non pathogenic showed negligible adherence. All isolates showed better adherence to colon epithelial cells. The organism continued to be excreted in faeces up to 8-10 days after oral feeding. Adhesion positive isolates were found to be virulent when tested in mice for diarrhoea and death. Adhesion was found to be thermoregulated.

Importância de Yersinia enterocolitica em microbilogia médica / Importance of Yersinia enterocolitica in medical microbiology

Y.enterocolitica é um enteropatógeno invasivo de humanos que provoca uma série de sintomas clínicos intestinais e extra-intestinais que variam desde uma gastrenterite branda a uma linfadenite mesentérica que mimetiza apendicite e em casos raros pode evoluir para uma septicemia.A infecção causada por Y.enterocolitica pode levar a seqüelas imunológicas, incluindo artrite, eritema nodoso e glomerulonefrite.Amostras patogênicas de Y.enterocolitica são associadas a determinados sorogrupos e biotipos e a uma variedade de características fenotípicas relacionadas a virulência.Estudos de genética molecular demonstraram a importância do plasmídio pYV que codifica vários genes de virulência, bem como a importância de vários genes de virulência cromossomais na patogênese dessa bactéria.As infecções intestinais causadas por Y.enterocolitica são normalmente auto-limitadas não havendo usualmente a necessidade de antibioticoterapia.A ocorrência de infecções por Y.enterocolitica no Brasil não é tão freqüente como em países europeus, Japão e Estados Unidos.Essa revisão enfoca as características gerais, a patogênese, os sintomas clínicos, mecanismos de virulência, tratamento e susceptibilidade a antibióticos de amostras de Y.enterocolitica isoladas no Brasil e ao redor do mundo.

presence of some micro organisms in birds meat. The presence of Yersinia enterocolitica in fresh and frozen birds meat from local supermarkets

A total of 129 meat product samples of frozen and fresh birds [ducks and chicken] entire and section, were collected from several local supermarkets in Hessen [Germany] and tested for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica and other Yersinia species. The analytical method prescribed from food and drugs administration was validated and performed after few modifications. In the present study, we have followed the cold enrichment method using alkaline treatment and isolating in two selective fluid broth mediums and two selective solid broth mediums. Overall, Yersinia organisms were found on 6 of 67 fresh ducks samples, all of them below to the biogroup 1 A and the serotype o:5 and were nonpathogen [39]. Also Yersinia enterocolitica was found on 6 of 34 fresh chicken samples and all of them were nonpathogen from the same bio and serotype. Other side, all frozen samples were negative. The positive samples were distributed in thighs of chicken and ducks who included skin and this result accord to previous studies. The presence of Yersinia in raw chicken and duck meats represents a health risk for consumers, where further clinical studies are needed to assess the epidemiological importance of this pathogen

Análisis de una cepa de Yersinia enterocolitica aislada de heces diarreicas humanas en Argentina / Analysis of a Yersinia enterocoliticaisolated from human diarreic feces in Argentina

Algunos serotipos de Yersinia enterocolitica ocasionan desde diarreas hasta infecciones invasivas. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar factores de virulencia y marcadores asociados en una cepa de Y. enterocolitica aislada de heces diarreicas humanas. El aislamiento deY. enterocolitica analizado fue incluído dentro del sub-grupo 1A.La determinación de resistencia al suero humano normal e hidrofobicidad de superficie, así como la búsqueda de los genes vir F y ail, resultaron negativos. Se demostró sin embargo producción de enterotoxina a 20 °C y también a 37 °C en condiciones de osmolaridad y pH similares a las del intestino humano. La enterotoxina, presentó reactividadpor la prueba del ratón lactante, aunque no se pudo comprobarpor PCR la presencia del gen yst. Los resultados obtenidos por nosotros, coincidentes con los de otros investigadores, indican que ciertos aislamientos clínicos de Y. enterocolitica del biotipo 1A (“avirulentas”), son capaces de causar enfermedad, probablemente a través de otros mecanismos, distintos a los caracterizados en especies de Yersinia enteropatógenas.

Some serotypes of Yersinia enterocoliticamight causediarrheas and/or invasive infections. The aim of this work was to analyze virulence factors and associated markers in a strain of Y. enterocolitica isolated from human diarrheic feces. The strain analyzed was included in the biotype 1A. The virulence markers determinationas well as the search of the genes vir F and ail,were negatives. However, it was demonstratedenterotoxin production at 20 °C, andat 37 °C in osmolarity conditions and pH similar to the human intestine. The enterotoxin presented reactivity for the infant mouse test, although it could not be proven the presence of yst gene by PCR. The results obtained by us, coincident with those of other investigators,indicated that certain clinical isolates of Y. enterocolitica of the biotype 1A (“avirulent”), could be the etiological agent of the illness trhough other mechanisms of virulence, that would differ from those previously characterized in species of enteropathogenic Yersinia.

Histopathological and ultrastructural alterations of induced Yersinia enterocolitica infection in mice.

Yersinia enterocolitica is an enteric bacterium and infections by this organism are mostly foodborne. It has been implicated to cause enterocolitis, terminal ilitis. diarrhoea, mesenteric lymphadenitis and arthritis in man. Due to paucity of information regarding histopathological and specially ultrastructural alterations in tissues affected, this study was planned with mice as the experimental model. Nine pathogenic Y.enterocoliticaisolates were used to infect 80 albino mice by oral and intraperitoneal route. Pathological alterations were studied by light and electron microscopy. Histopathological examination of intestines showed severe edema, purulent enteritis, goblet cell hyperplasia infiltration of mononuclear cells, thickening of mucosa and necrosis of the tips of villi. Liver showed congestion, hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis, atrophy of hepatocytes and microabcesses. The lungs revealed congestion, edema, haemorrhage and purulent ronchopneumonia, while kidneys showed mild necrotic changes and bacterial emboli in glomeruli. Ultrastructural changes were indicative of mitochondrial degeneration and their loss in kidneys, membranous degeneration with formation of myelin figures in lungs and disorganization, disruption and bleb formation of microvilli in intestines. Y.enterocolitica caused significant histopathological and ultrastructural alterations in experimentally infected mice. Variation in pathogenicity of different strains of Y.enterocolitica was also observed.

Abscesos hepatoesplénicos múltiples por yersina enterocolítica en un paciente con hemocromatosis / Multiple hepato-splenic abscesses caused by yersinia enterocolitica in a patient with hemochromatosis

Yersinia enterocolitica is a gram-negative bacillus that thrives in conditions associated with iron overload. We decribe an unusual case of a diabetic patient with a previously unrecognized hemochromatosis presenting with Y. enterocolitica septicemia. He was admitted because of a 10 day history of abdominal pain, fever and jaundice. Blood cultures grew Y. enterocolitica. The abdomen CT scan showed multiple liver and splenic abscesses. Antibiotic treatment with ciprofloxacin (2 months) resulted in a good clinical response. Serum iron studies showed iron overload. Liver biopsy revealed moderate fibrosis and early cirrhosis with large amounts of hemosiderin granules deposited in hepatocytes and bile duct epithelium. This report reviews the literature and highlighsts that iron overload must be ruled out in Yersinia septicemia patients

Infectious diarrhoea--an update.

Infectious diarrhoea is one of the most common illness affecting mankind. Recent advancement have led to detailed understanding of causative agents and the pathogenesis of the infections. Fluid and electrolyte replacement remains the most important aspect of treatment. The role of antimicrobial agents is discussed.

Evaluation of different techniques for the differentiation of pathogenic and non pathogenic strains of Yersinia enterocolitica

Diferentes métodos e testes para avaliar o potencial patogênico de Y. enterocolitica de sorotipos diversos têm sido utilizados. Testamos 60 cepas do microrganismo, sendo 25 de origem humana (sorotipo 03 biotipo 4 e sorotipo 05 biotipo 1): 6 de origem animal (sorotipo 03 biotipo 4 ); 19 isoladas do meio ambiente (sorotipo 05.27 biotipos 1 e 2 ) isoladas de alimentos (sorotipo 05 biotipo 1 e sorotipo 05.27 biotipo 1 ). Foram utilizados testes relacionadosà expressäo de genes plasmidiais (autoaglutinaçäo, dependência ao cálcio a 37ºC e absorçäo do corante Vermelho Congo), de genes cromossomais (presença de enzima pirazinamidase, fermentaçäo da salicina e hidrólise da esculina) além do teste de invasäo em células HEp-2. Todas as Y enterocolitica 03 exceto uma, foram potencialmente patogênico frente aos testes pirazinamidase-salicina-escalina, o mesmo näo ocorrendo com os testes relacionados a genes plasmidiais, quando os resultados näo foram täo uniformes, provavelmente pela perda do plasmídeo; o teste de invasibilidade em células HEp-2 apresentou os resultados monos uniformes. As cepas de Y. enterocolitica 05 também tiveram comportamento uniforme, sendo näo potogênicas frente aos dois grupos de testes (plasmidiais e cromossomais); em relaçäo ao teste de invasäo em células HEp-2 näo houve uniformidade. As cepas do sorotipo 05.27 biotipo 1, mostraram-se uniformes em relaçäo aos testes cromossomais, sendo näo patogênicas; näo apresentaram no entanto, resultados conclusivos nos testes relacionados à genes plasmidiais e invasäo em células HEp-2. Conclui-se que os testes relacionados a genes cromossomais (esculinasalicina-pirazinamidase) säo simples e muito eficazes na detecçäo de Y. enterocolitica potencialmente patogênicas, originárias de caos clínicos

Survival of listeria monocytogenes and yersinia enterocolitica in yoghurt

For experimental studying of the effect of yoghurt processing and cold storage temperature on survival of food borne pathogens, 2 reference strains of Listeria monocytogenes [F5027] and Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC 27729] were inoculated into milk in low and high processing of yoghurt, then stored at 4C. The study proved that low and high level inoculum of both organisms slightly reduced due to increase the acidity%, while in the stored product at 4C L. monocytogenes reduced from 2.2 x 10 2 to 1.8 x 10 after 24 hours in the low inoculum, at the same time the high inoculum reduced by two log phase after two days, then completely disappeared after five days. On the other h and, the low level inoculum of Y. enterocolitica reduced to 4.8 x 10 2 starting form 3.2 x 10 3 after 12 hours, while the high level reduced form 7.2 x 10 6 to 8 x 10 2 after two days. The pH of the product during the experiment reduced from 6.3 to 4.0. The public health importance and suggestive control measures were discussed

Virulence & pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica under different test systems.

Eight clinical isolates of Y. enterocolitica were tested for various pathogenicity and virulence markers. Seven of the eight strains gave positive results for Congo red magnesium oxalate (CRMOX) agar test and autoagglutination test at 37 degrees C. Seven strains bound crystal violet (CV) completely at 37 degrees C but not at 25 degrees C. One strain (Y1) bound CV partially. None of the strains showed pyrazinamidase activity indicating these strains to be virulent. Cells of all but one strains were aggregated by 1.8 M and 3.2M concentration of ammonium sulphate. A good correlation between these tests and virulence was observed.

Perfil clínico y microbiológico de las infecciones entéricas por Yersinia entero colitica en niños de Santiago, Chile / Clinical and microbiological aspects of Yersinia enterocolitica enteric infections in children from Santiago, Chile

Yersinia enterocolitica es causa frecuente de infecciones intestinales endémicas en países de Europa y Norteamérica, pero la información sobre ella en Iberoamérica es escasa. El propósito de este estudio fue describir la incidencia y características clínicas de infecciones intestinales por Y. enterocolitica en 3 cohortes de niños menores de 4 años de familias de bajos recursos de Santiago. Los niños fueron vigilados activamente con visitas domiciliarias dos veces por semana, se les tomaron muestras de deposiciones en cada episodio de diarrea, como también a controles pareados por edad y sexo. Entre febrero 1987 y enero 1990 se estudiaron 1.795 episodios de diarrea. La incidencia de Y. enterocolitica en los casos de diarrea fue de 1,4% versus 0,3% en 1.780 controles (p<0,005). La diarrea asociada a Y. enterocolitica se caracterizó por deposiciones líquidas o mucosas; en ningún caso hubo síndrome disentérico, pero 11,5% evolucionaron como diarrea persistente (> 14 días); en 26,9% de los pacientes se observó fiebre (* 38-C) y ninguno requirió hospitalización. De las cepas de Yersinia aisladas, 73% correspondieron a serotipo 0:3, biotipo 4, y las restantes a los serotipos 0:7,8, 0:10 y 0:6. No se apreciaron claras diferencias estacionales, pero 50% de los aislamientos se concentraron en los meses fríos de junio, julio, agosto, septiembre. Si bien la incidencia de Y. enterocolitica en diarrea aguda infantil es baja, es importante buscarla en forma sistemática y con medios selectivos en niños menores de 2 años, considerando que puede provocar enfermedad de curso prolongado